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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="7170"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor="#14285F" lang=FR link="#CC3300" vlink="#CC3300" style='tab-interval:35.4pt'> <div class=Section1> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;mso-cellspacing:0cm;background:white;mso-shading:windowtext; mso-pattern:solid white;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:43.5pt'> <td nowrap colspan=2 style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:43.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Image_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="logo_home.jpg" style='width:277.5pt;height:69pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_fichiers/image003.jpg" o:title="logo_home"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=370 height=92 src="index_fichiers/image003.jpg" alt="logo_home.jpg" v:shapes="Image_x0020_8"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=700 nowrap colspan=2 valign=bottom style='width:525.15pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:43.5pt' id=logo> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>UTILIZING THE SMALLEST MARTIAN CRATERS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>TO ANALYZE SURFACE AGES AND GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=171 style='width:127.9pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:43.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US 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</td> <td width=599 valign=top style='width:449.55pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:277.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white;mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=304 height=1 id="_x0000_i1028" src="mm_spacer.gif"></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:white'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=460 style='width:345.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:30.75pt'> <td width=460 style='width:345.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:30.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt: 12.5pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The project extends the ISSI workshop project on Evolution and Chronology of Mars (Kallenbach et al. 2001), and our own earlier ISSI team studies (2007-2009). We will extend the Martian chronology system by an order of magnitude in crater diameter by measuring the shape of the size-frequency distribution (SFD) of newly produced Martian craters, down to craters of diameter D only ~ 1 or 2 meters, now being imaged by the HiRISE camera. We will combine this result with the 2006 measurement of the production rate of decameter craters, from Malin et al. (2006). With the SFD shape in the 1-20 m range, and the production rate in the 10-20 m range, we can open the door to utilizing these smallest craters to date surfaces of small (km scale) geologic formations on Mars, such as individual lava flows, landslides, deltaic fans of gullies and channels, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Image_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="576 MARS Impact explosion WKHok small.jpg" style='width:431.25pt;height:255pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_fichiers/image006.jpg" o:title="576 MARS Impact explosion WKHok small"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=575 height=340 src="index_fichiers/image002.jpg" alt="576 MARS Impact explosion WKHok small.jpg" v:shapes="Image_x0020_2"><![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:12.5pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(Copyrighted acrylic painting by team member William K. Hartmann, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson.)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:12.5pt'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>View of a small-sized crater-forming event on Mars.&nbsp; A projectile (which may be a secondary fragment from a larger distant crater-forming event) has just struck the surface.&nbsp; The painting shows a typical &quot;curtain&quot; of ejected fragments launched at about 45 degrees, plus the &quot;base surge&quot; if disrupted material on the surface.&nbsp; The even will produce a crater about 100m across on Mars.&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Purpose<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span class=MsoBookTitle><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Nature stamps out circles (impact craters) at measurable rates on<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>planetary surfaces.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This circumstance provides a valuable geological tool for measuring ages of the surfaces, as has been explored by ISSI projects in the past.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>(See the ISSI book,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></span><i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Chronology and Evolution of Mars</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, Eds. R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss, and W. K. Hartmann.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Eds. R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss, and W. K. Hartmann.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>(Bern: International Space Science Institute; also Space Sci. Rev., <b>96</b>, pp. 165-194.) <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span>Moreover the impact craters offer opportunities to characterize the nature, and rates of geological processes.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The craters form on mars with a particular size-frequency distribution (SFD) on the Martian surface.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>In principle, the initial or  production size frequency distribution (PSFD) can be measured on young, pristine surfaces where there has been little modification, dust cover, etc.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This measurement has been made and improved since the 1960, starting with very large craters, and working to smaller sizes as spacecraft imagery gets better.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>An example is given in Figure 1, which shows counts prepared during our first two workshop meetings, in November 2010 and May 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Image_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:447.75pt;height:444pt; visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_fichiers/image001.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=597 height=592 src="index_fichiers/image005.jpg" v:shapes="Image_x0020_7"><![endif]></span><span style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:30.75pt'> <td width=460 style='width:345.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:30.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-line-height-alt:12.5pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Image_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:444pt; height:114pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="index_fichiers/image004.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=592 height=152 src="index_fichiers/image010.jpg" v:shapes="Image_x0020_10"><![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;letter-spacing:1.2pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p style='line-height:12.5pt'><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:white;letter-spacing:1.2pt'>Abstract <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width=171 style='width:127.9pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:277.5pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=281 style='width:210.75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=254 colspan=2 style='width:190.4pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=599 style='width:449.55pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width=171 style='width:127.9pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:white'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <![if !supportMisalignedColumns]> <tr height=0> <td width=370 style='border:none'></td> <td width=25 style='border:none'></td> <td width=25 style='border:none'></td> <td width=700 style='border:none'></td> <td width=3 style='border:none'></td> </tr> <![endif]> </table> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html>