{"id":22,"date":"2016-12-19T22:45:56","date_gmt":"2016-12-19T21:45:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/?page_id=22"},"modified":"2016-12-19T22:45:56","modified_gmt":"2016-12-19T21:45:56","slug":"the-paper","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/the-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"The Paper"},"content":{"rendered":"

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ACTIVE EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. V. Streltsov1,2<\/sup>, J.-J. Berthelier3<\/sup>, A. A. Chernyshov4<\/sup>, V. L. Frolov5,6<\/sup>, F. Honary7<\/sup>,<\/p>\n

J. Kosch7,8,9<\/sup>, R. P. McCoy10<\/sup>, E. V. Mishin2<\/sup>, M. T. Rietveld11,12<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup>Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA;<\/em><\/p>\n

2<\/sup>Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;<\/em><\/p>\n

3<\/sup>LATMOS\/IPSL, CNRS-UPMC-UVSQ, UPMC, Paris, France;<\/em><\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia;<\/em><\/p>\n

5<\/sup>Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;<\/em><\/p>\n

6<\/sup>Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia;<\/em><\/p>\n

7<\/sup>Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom;<\/em><\/p>\n

8<\/sup>South African National Space Agency, Hermanus, South Africa;<\/em><\/p>\n

9<\/sup>University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa;<\/em><\/p>\n

10<\/sup>Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA;<\/em><\/p>\n

11<\/sup>EISCAT, Ramfjordbotn, Norway;<\/em><\/p>\n

12<\/sup>UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway.<\/em><\/p>\n

Abstract.<\/strong> Active ionospheric experiments using high-power, high-frequency transmitters, \u201cheaters\u201d, to study plasma processes in the ionosphere and magnetosphere continue to provide new insights into understanding plasma and geophysical proceses. This review describes the heating facilities, past and present, and discusses scientific results from these facilities and associated space missions. Phenomena that have been observed with these facilities are reviewed along with theoretical explanations that have been proposed or are commonly accepted. Gaps or uncertainties in understanding of heating initiated phenomena are discussed together with proposed science questions to be addressed in the future. Suggestions for improvements and additions to existing facilities are presented including important satellite missions which are necessary to answer the outstanding questions in this field.<\/p>\n

Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n

1\u00a0 Introduction. 4<\/a><\/p>\n

2\u00a0 Experimental Facilities. 6<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1\u00a0 Ground Facilities. 6<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1.1\u00a0 HAARP. 7<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1.2\u00a0 SURA.. 8<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1.3\u00a0 EISCAT. 10<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1.4\u00a0 Arecibo. 13<\/a><\/p>\n

2.1.5\u00a0 Science Topics. 15<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2\u00a0 Satellites. 16<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2.1\u00a0 DEMETER Satellite. 18<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2.2\u00a0 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) 20<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2.3\u00a0 The Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) Satellite. 22<\/a><\/p>\n

2.2.4\u00a0 RESONANCE Satellite. 24<\/a><\/p>\n

3\u00a0 Theory of the HF Ionospheric Modification. 29<\/a><\/p>\n

3.1\u00a0 Propagation of O-Mode Waves. 30<\/a><\/p>\n

3.2\u00a0 Electrostatic Plasma Waves. 31<\/a><\/p>\n

3.2.1\u00a0 Wave-Particle Analogy. 33<\/a><\/p>\n

3.3\u00a0 Ponderomotive Parametric Instability (PPI) 33<\/a><\/p>\n

3.3.1\u00a0 PPI in Isotropic Plasma (PPIL<\/sub>) 35<\/a><\/p>\n

3.3.2\u00a0 Parametric Decay Instability (PDIL<\/sub>) 36<\/a><\/p>\n

3.3.3\u00a0 Modulational Instability (MI) 36<\/a><\/p>\n

3.4\u00a0 PPI in the Plasma Resonance Layer 37<\/a><\/p>\n

3.4.1\u00a0 Strong Langmuir Turbulence (SLT) 38<\/a><\/p>\n

3.4.2\u00a0 Coexistence of WT and SLT Regimes. 40<\/a><\/p>\n

3.4.3\u00a0 Full-Wave Simulations of SLT at HAARP. 41<\/a><\/p>\n

3.5\u00a0 PPI in the Upper Hybrid Layer (PPI ) 42<\/a><\/p>\n

3.5.1\u00a0 Upper Hybrid PPI 43<\/a><\/p>\n

3.5.2\u00a0 Langmuir Turbulence in the UH Layer 45<\/a><\/p>\n

3.5.3\u00a0 Lower Hybrid PPI 45<\/a><\/p>\n

3.6\u00a0 Nonlinear Thermal Effects. 46<\/a><\/p>\n

3.6.1\u00a0 Electron Heating and Thermal Flux. 47<\/a><\/p>\n

3.6.2\u00a0 Thermal Self-Focusing Instability (TSFI) 48<\/a><\/p>\n

3.6.3\u00a0 Thermal Parametric Instability (TPI) 48<\/a><\/p>\n

3.7\u00a0 Electron Acceleration. 51<\/a><\/p>\n

4\u00a0 Active Experiments. 53<\/a><\/p>\n

4.1\u00a0 Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions (SEEs) 53<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2\u00a0 Artificial Field-Aligned Irregularities (FAIs) 60<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.1\u00a0 Amplitude-Time History of the Pump Wave Reflected from the Ionosphere. 64<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.2\u00a0 Temporal Development of FAIs. 66<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.3\u00a0 Relaxation of FAIs. 67<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.4\u00a0 Temporal Evolution of Short-Pulse Pumped FAIs. 67<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.5\u00a0 Spectral Characteristics of SSIs. 68<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.6\u00a0 Dependence of FAI Intensity on the Pump Power 70<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.7\u00a0 Magnetic Zenith Effects. 70<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.8\u00a0 Unexplained UHF Radar Backscatter at the Magnetic Zenith. 72<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.9\u00a0 Gyroharmonic Effects Associated with FAIs. 73<\/a><\/p>\n

4.2.10 Concluding Remarks. 76<\/a><\/p>\n

4.3\u00a0 Ducts. 77<\/a><\/p>\n

4.3.1 \u00a0DEMETER Observations over SURA.. 78<\/a><\/p>\n

4.3.2\u00a0 DMSP and DEMETER Observations over HAARP. 80<\/a><\/p>\n

4.3.3\u00a0 Numerical Modeling of Artificial Ducts. 81<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4\u00a0 Optical Emissions. 82<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.1\u00a0 Artificial Aurora. 82<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.2\u00a0 Electron Temperature Effects. 85<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.3\u00a0 Magnetic Aspect Angle Effects. 87<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.4\u00a0 Electron Energy Spectrum.. 87<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.5\u00a0 Small-Scale Optical Structures. 88<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.6\u00a0 X-Mode Optical Phenomena. 89<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.7\u00a0 Optical Phenomena in the E Region. 90<\/a><\/p>\n

4.4.8\u00a0 Other phenomena. 91<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5\u00a0\u00a0 ULF\/ELF\/VLF Waves. 91<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.1\u00a0 Generation of ULF\/ELF\/VLF Waves. 91<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.2\u00a0 Resonant ULF Waves. 97<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.3\u00a0 ULF Waves in the Global Magnetospheric Resonator 99<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.4\u00a0 ULF Waves in the Ionospheric Alfv\u00e9n Resonator 102<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.5\u00a0 ULF Waves in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide (Schumann Resonator) 103<\/a><\/p>\n

4.5.6\u00a0 ELF\/VLF Waves in the Magnetosphere. 105<\/a><\/p>\n

4.6\u00a0 Descending Artificial Ionization Layers (DLs) 107<\/a><\/p>\n

4.6.1\u00a0 Ionizing Wavefront 108<\/a><\/p>\n

4.6.2\u00a0 Observations of DLs. 109<\/a><\/p>\n

4.6.3\u00a0 DL Theory. 116<\/a><\/p>\n

4.7\u00a0 Other Active Experiments. 121<\/a><\/p>\n

4.7.1\u00a0 Artificial Ionospheric Horizontal Periodic Irregularities (APIs) 121<\/a><\/p>\n

4.7.2\u00a0 E Region Ionospheric Perturbations. 122<\/a><\/p>\n

4.7.3\u00a0 D Region and Mesospheric Perturbations. 122<\/a><\/p>\n

5\u00a0 Conclusions. 124<\/a><\/p>\n

6\u00a0 Acknowledgements. 127<\/a><\/p>\n

7\u00a0 References. 128<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF ACTIVE EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE A. V. Streltsov1,2, J.-J. Berthelier3, A. A. Chernyshov4, V. L. Frolov5,6, F. Honary7, J. Kosch7,8,9, R. P. McCoy10, E. V. Mishin2, M. T. Rietveld11,12 1Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA; … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.issibern.ch\/teams\/activexperinspace\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}