Projected (historical and future) global annual mean sea-level relative to the 1986–2005 reference period based on hydrodynamic modelling using Global Climate Models (GCMs). By Fabio Crameri via https://s-ink.org/sea-level-evolution
Projected (historical and future) global annual mean sea-level relative to the 1986–2005 reference period based on hydrodynamic modelling using Global Climate Models (GCMs). By Fabio Crameri via https://s-ink.org/sea-level-evolution
Published: 27 August 2026

Published review about sea level and where it matters

by Fabio Crameri

Highlights
Climate Adaptation
Sea level
Climate Change
Earth Observation

Your Coast Has Its Own Climate

Ask most people how fast sea level is rising, and they will quote a single number: a few millimetres a year, creeping up steadily since satellites started watching the oceans in the early 1990s. It is a tidy story. It is also, for anyone who actually lives on a coast, almost beside the point.

A new review led by Anny Cazenave, geodesist, satellite-altimetry pioneer, and a former ISSI Director herself, pulls together decades of work by an ISSI International Team to make an uncomfortable but important argument: the global average hides almost everything that matters locally. Coastal sea level does not follow the open ocean’s gentle upward line; it lurches, wobbles, and sometimes free-falls, shaped by a crowd of processes that rarely get invited into the headline number.